The Montessori Method
The basic idea in the Montessori
approach to education is that every child carries unseen within him the man he
will become. In order to develop his physical, intellectual, and spiritual
powers to the fullest, he must have freedom - a freedom to be achieved through
order and self-discipline.
The world of the child is full of
sights and sounds which at first appear chaotic. From this chaos, the child
must gradually create order, and by learning to distinguish among the
impressions that assail his senses, slowly but surely gains mastery of
himself and of his environment. Dr. Montessori developed the "prepared
environment" which possesses a certain order and disposes the child to develop
at his own speed, according to his own capacities in a non-competitive
atmosphere.
A child most easily learns the ground
rules of human behavior between two and a half or three and six years. These
years can be constructively devoted to "civilizing" the child - freeing him
through the acquisition of good manners and habits to take his place in
culture. The child who has had the benefit of a Montessori environment is
better prepared at a later age to devote himself to the development of his
intellectual potentialities. Since the child has learned to work by himself, in
the prepared environment, enjoying the presence of other children, but not
working necessarily directly with them. The Montessori teacher is able to teach
a child individually, thus fostering within him competence as an independent
learner. The structure of Montessori learning involves the use of many
materials with which the child may work individually. At every step of his
learning, the teaching material is designed to test his understanding and
correct his errors. Programmed learning and teaching machines are now utilizing
this principle.
Dr. Montessori has recognized that the
only valid impulse to learning is the self-motivation of the child. Children
move themselves toward learning. The teacher prepares the environment, directs
the activity functions as the leader, offers the child stimulation, but it is
the child who learns , who is motivated through the work itself to
persist in his given activity.
If the Montessori child is free to
learn, it is because he has acquired from his exposure to both physical and
mental order an "inner discipline". This is the core of Dr. Montessori's
educational philosophy. Patterns of concentration, stick-to-it-ness, and
thoroughness established in early childhood, produce a confident, competent
learner in later years. Schools have existed historically to teach children to
observe, to think to judge. Montessori introduced children to the joy of
learning at an early age and provides a framework in which the intellectual and
social discipline go hand in hand.
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